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class MyClass:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
    
    # instance method
    def instance_method(self):
        return f'instance method called, value={self.value}'
    
    # static method
    @staticmethod
    def static_method():
        return 'static method called'
    
    # class method
    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        return f'class method called, cls={cls.__name__}'

# create an instance of MyClass
obj = MyClass(value=10)

# call instance method on instance
print(obj.instance_method())  # Output: 'instance method called, value=10'

# call instance method on class
print(MyClass.instance_method(obj))  # Output: 'instance method called, value=10'

# call static method on instance
print(obj.static_method())  # Output: 'static method called'

# call static method on class
print(MyClass.static_method())  # Output: 'static method called'

# call class method on instance
print(obj.class_method())  # Output: 'class method called, cls=MyClass'

# call class method on class
print(MyClass.class_method())  # Output: 'class method called, cls=MyClass'

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